| THE ACADEMIC WORD LIST (E - O) economy n. avoidance of waste (of money, strength, time, resources, etc) edit v. prepare for publication, eg in a book, newspaper, or magazine element n. ~ necessary or characteristic part of sth eliminate v. ~ sb/sth remove (esp sb/sth that is not wanted or needed) emerge v. ~ come out or up (from water, etc) emphasis n. force or stress given to a word or words when spoken, to make the meaning clear or to show importance empirical adj. based on observation or experiment, not on theory enable v. make able to do sth by giving him the necessary authority or means encounter v. meet or find oneself faced by (sth/sb unpleasant, dangerous, difficult, etc) energy n. ability to act or work with strength and eagerness enforce v. ~ sth force people to obey (a law, etc); make sth effective enhance v. increase make (sb/sth) look better enormous adj. very large; immense ensure v. make sure; guarantee entity n. thing with distinct and real existence environment n. conditions, circumstances, etc affecting people's lives equate v. ~ sth consider sth as equal or equivalent (to sth else) equip v. ~ sb/sth (with sth) supply sb/sth (with what is needed, for a particular purpose) equivalent adj. ~ equal in value, amount, meaning, importance, etc erode v. destroy or wear (sth) away gradually error n. thing done wrongly; mistake establish v. set up on a firm or permanent basis estate n. area of land, esp in the country, with one owner estimate n. judgement or calculation of the approximate size, cost, value, etc of sth ethic n. system of moral principles; rules of conduct ethnic adj. of a national, racial or tribal group that has a common cultural tradition evaluate v. find out or form an idea of the amount or value of (sb/sth); assess eventual adj. happening at last as a result; ultimate evident adj. ~ (that...) obvious (to the eye or mind); clear evolve v. (cause to) develop naturally and (usu) gradually exceed v. be greater or more numerous than (esp a quantity) exclude v. ~ sb/sth prevent sb from entering somewhere, taking part in sth, etc; keep sb out exhibit n. object or collection of objects displayed for the public, eg in a museum expand v. ~ (into sth) (cause sth to) become greater in size, number or importance expert n. ~ person with special knowledge, skill or training in a particular field explicit adj. (of a statement, etc) clearly and fully expressed exploit n. brave or adventurous deed or action export n. exporting expose v. uncover or make (sth) visible; display external adj. outside; situated on the outside of sth (esp the body) extract v. ~ sth take or get sth out, usu with effort or by force facilitate v. (of an object, a process, etc but not of a person) make (sth) easy or less difficult factor n. fact, circumstance, etc that helps to produce a result feature n. one of the named parts of the face (eg nose, mouth, eyes) which together form its appearance federal of or relating to a form of government or a country in which power is divided between one central and several regional government fee n. (usu pl ) amount paid for professional advice or service, eg to private teachers, doctors, etc file n. metal tool with a rough surface for cutting, smoothing or shaping hard substances final adj. of the end; coming last finance n. management of money finite adj. having bounds; limited; not infinite flexible adj. that can bend easily without breaking fluctuate v. ~ (of a price, number, rate, etc) rise and fall; change irregularly focus n. =>Usage at data data. point at which rays (of light, sound, etc) meet or from which they appear to come format n. shape, size, binding, etc of a book formula n. (chemistry ) set of symbols showing the elements that a substance is made of forthcoming adj. about to happen or appear in the near future foundation n. act of founding founded [ find: ] to meet with or discover by chance framework n. structure giving shape and support function n. special activity or purpose of a person or thing fund n. sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose fundamental adj. of or forming the basis or foundation of sth; essential furthermore adv. in addition; moreover ; gender n. (in certain languages) classification of a noun or pronoun as masculine or feminine generate v. cause to exist or occur; produce generation n. production globe n. small spherical model of the earth showing the continents and usu also countries, rivers, cities, etc goal n. (in football, hockey, etc) pair of posts with a crossbar, between which the ball has to be kicked, hit, etc in order to score grade n. step, stage or degree of rank, quality, etc; level of classification grant v. agree to give or allow (what is asked for) guarantee n. ~ (against sth) promise (usu in writing) that certain conditions agreed to in a transaction will be fulfilled guideline a principle put forward to set standards or determine a course of actio hence adv. from this time hierarchy n. system with grades of authority or status from the lowest to the highest highlight n. best, most interesting or most exciting part of something hypothesis n. idea or suggestion that is based on known facts and is used as a basis for reasoning or further investigation identical adj. the ~ the same identify v. ~ sb/sth as sb/sth show, prove, etc who or what sb/sth is; recognize sb/sth (as being the specified person or thing) ideology n. ideas that form the basis of an economic or political theory or that are held by a particular group or person ignorant adj. ~ (of sth)knowing little or nothing; lacking education or information; unaware illustrate v. supply with pictures, diagrams, etc image n. copy of the shape of a person or thing, esp one made in stone or wood; statue immigrate v. ~ enter a foreign country in order to live there permanently impact n. hitting of one object against another implement n. tool or instrument implicate v. ~ sb show that sb is involved in sth, esp a crime implicit adj. ~ implied, but not expressed directly; not explicit imply v. suggest (sth) indirectly rather than state it directly; hint impose v. ~ sth place (a penalty, tax, etc) officially on sb/sth incentive n. ~ thing that encourages sb to do sth; stimulus incidence n. ~ of sth extent to which sth happens or has an effect incline v. ~ towards sth lean or slope in the direction of sth income n. money received over a certain period, esp as payment for work or as interest on investments incorporate v. ~ sth (in/into sth) make sth part of a whole; include index n. list of names or topics referred to in a book, etc, usu arranged at the end in alphabetical order indicate v. ~ sth (to sb) show sth, esp by pointing individual adj. single; separate induce v. persuade or influence (sb) to do sth inevitable adj. that cannot be avoided; that is sure to happen infer v. ~ sth (from sth) reach (an opinion) from facts or reasoning; conclude sth infrastructure n. subordinate parts, installations, etc that form the basis of a system, an organization or an enterprise (eg of an army) , inherent adj. ~ existing as a natural or permanent feature or quality of sb/sth inhibit v. ~ sb prevent sb from doing sth that should be natural or easy to do initial adj. of or at the beginning; first initiate v. put (a scheme, etc) into operation; cause (sth) to begin injure v. hurt (sb); harm innovate v. make changes; introduce new things input n. ~ action of putting sth in insert v. ~ sth put, fit, place sth into sth or between two things insight n. ~ (approv ) ability to see into the true nature (of sth); deep understanding inspect v. examine (sth) closely instance n. ~ particular occurrence of sth that happens generally or several times; example; case institute n. society or organization for a special (usu social, professional or educational) purpose instruct to direct to do something; order integral adj. ~ necessary for completeness integrate v. ~ sth (into sth); ~ A and B/~ A with B combine sth in such a way that it becomes fully a part of sth else integrity n. quality of being honest and morally upright intelligence n. power of learning, understanding and reasoning; mental ability intense adj. (of sensations) very great or severe; extreme interact v. ~ act or have an effect on each other intermediate adj. ~ situated or coming between two people, things, etc in time, space, degree, etc internal adj. of or on the inside interpret v. explain (sth which is not easily understandable) interval n. ~ time between two events intervene v. (of time) come or be between intrinsic adj. belonging naturally; existing within, not coming from outside invest v. ~ (in sth/with sb) use (money) to buy shares, property, etc, in order to earn interest or bring profit investigate v. find out and examine in order to obtain the truth invoke v. use (sth) as a reason for one's action involve v. make necessary as a condition or result; entail isolate v. ~sb/sth put or keep sb/sth entirely apart from other people or things; separate sb/sth ; issue n. outgoing; outflow item n. single article or unit in a list, etc job n. the patience of job journal n. newspaper or periodical, esp one that is serious and deals with a specialized subject justify v. show that (sb/sth) is right, reasonable or just label n. piece of paper, cloth, metal, etc on or beside an object and describing its nature, name, owner, destination, etc labour n. physicalor mental work layer n. thickness of material laid over a surface or forming a horizontal division lecture n. ~ (on sth) talk giving information about a subject to an audience or a class, often as part of a teaching programme legal adj. of or based on the law legislate v. ~ make laws levy v. ~ sth (on sb) collect (a payment, etc) by authority or force; impose sth liberal adj. tolerant and open-minded; free from prejudice licence n. official document showing that permission has been given to own, use or do sth likewise adv. similarly link n. one ring or loop of a chain locate v. discover the exact position or place of logic n. science of reasoning maintain v. ~ sth cause sth to continue; keep sth in existence at the same level, standard, etc major adj. important; great(er) manipulate v. control or handle with skill manual adj. of, done with or controlled by the hands margin n. blank space round the written or printed matter on a page mature adj. fully grown or developed mentally or physically; having achieved one's full potential maximise [ maximize: ] vt. to make as high or great as possible; increase to a maximum mechanism n. working parts of a machine, etc media n. the media means of mass communication, eg TV, radio, newspapers mediate v. ~ act as a peacemaker or go-between for two or more people, groups, etc who disagree medical adj. of the art of medicine; of curing disease medium n. (pl usu media) means by which sth is expressed or communicated mental adj. of, in or to the mind method n. way migrate v. ~ (to...) move from one place to go to live or work in another military adj. of or for soldiers or an army; of or for armed forces minimal adj. smallest in amount or degree minimise [ minimize: ] to reduce to or estimate at the least possible degree or amount minimum n. least or smallest amount, degree, etc possible ministry n. (buildings containing a) government department minor adj. smaller, less serious, less important, etc mode n. ~ (fml ) way or manner in which sth is done modify v. change (sth) slightly, esp to make it less extreme or to improve it monitor n. device used to observe, record or test sth motive n. ~ that which causes sb to act in a particular way; reason mutual adj. felt or done by each towards the other negate v. deny or disprove the existence of (sb/sth) network n. complex system of roads, etc crossingeach other neutral adj. not supporting or helping either side in a dispute, contest,war, etc; impartial nevertheless adv, conj in spite of this; however; still nonetheless adv. nevertheless; however norm n. standard or pattern that is typical (of a group, etc) normal adj. in accordance with what is typical, usual or regular notion n. ~ idea or belief; concept notwithstanding prep (can also follow the n to which it refers ) without being affected by (sth); in spite of nuclear adj. of a nucleus, esp of an atom objective adj. not influenced by personal feelings or opinions; unbiased; fair obtain v. ~ sth et sth; come to own or possess sth (by buying, borrowing, taking, etc) obvious adj. easily seen, recognized or understood; clear occupy v. live in or have possession of (a house, land, etc) occur v. come into being as an event or a process; happen odd adj. strange; unusual; peculiar offset v. ~ sth (by sth/doing sth) compensate for sth; balance sth ongoing adj. continuing to exist or progress option n. power or freedom of choosing; choice orient n. the Orient countries of the (Far) East (eg Japan, China) outcome n. effect or result (of an event, circumstances, etc) output n. quantity of goods, etc produced overall adj. including everything; total overlap v. partly cover (sth) by extending over its edge overseas adj. across the sea; foreign | ||